RobotC allows one to program the Lego NXT brick directly from a computer.
An advantage of RobotC is that you are using a single microprocessor, and thus it will quickly control motors based upon sensor input.
A disadvantage is using RobotC relative to MIT App Inventor is that you will not have the Android features such as texting, motion sensing, or use of the camera.
Setup:
RobotC is already installed in EBU2-239. But you can download a free 30 day license as well from RobotC.
The Lego NXT Bricks have had their firmware updated to be compatible with RobotC, but if you are using a new NXT the firmware needs to be downloaded onto your Lego NXT Intelligent Brick
Getting Started with Programming:
Step 3: Read ROBOTC Programming Basics.
Step 4. See Moving Forwards
Step 5: See Ultrasonic Sensor Example
For a complete list of tutorials see the RobotC NXT Curriculum.